Difference between revisions of "Алтайски говоры"

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'''Алтайски говоры''' говорна семьина, в каку вхоют 66 говоров, которыми лекочут коло 348 мильонов людьов, большечассю в [[Серьодня Азия |Серьодней Азие]] и коло йо. Некоторы ведовники шшытают, чо промеж етими говорами нету заветново водинення, а токо досельной [[говорной яклан]].
 
'''Алтайски говоры''' говорна семьина, в каку вхоют 66 говоров, которыми лекочут коло 348 мильонов людьов, большечассю в [[Серьодня Азия |Серьодней Азие]] и коло йо. Некоторы ведовники шшытают, чо промеж етими говорами нету заветново водинення, а токо досельной [[говорной яклан]].
  
−
The proponents of Altaic traditionally considered it to include  the [[Turkic languages]], the [[Mongolic languages]], the [[Tungusic languages]] (or Manchu-Tungus), and sometimes [[Japanese language|Japanese]] or [[Korean language|Korean]]. [[Matthias Castrén|Castrén]] (1862) put forward a similar view, but classified Turkic with what is now called [[Uralic languages|Uralic]]. In 1857 [[Anton Boller]] suggested adding Korean and Japanese; for Korean, [[Gustaf John Ramstedt|G.J.&nbsp;Ramstedt]] and [[Yevgeny Polivanov|E.D.&nbsp;Polivanov]] put forward more etymologies in the 1920's. Korean has commonly been linked to [[Japonic languages|Japonic]], and in [[1971]], [[Roy Miller]] suggested relating Japonic to both Korean and Altaic. These suggestions were taken up and developed by various historical linguists such as [[John Whitman]], [[Sergei Starostin]], and [[Alexander Vovin]] (who later changed his opinion and strongly rejected the hypothesis of a genetic connection between Korean and Japanese).<ref>Vovin, Alexander. 2005. "The End of the Altaic Controversy". ''Central Asiatic Journal'' 49.1: 71-132.</ref>
+
Вобчи какоси алтайских говоров: [[соголос голосных]], [[агглитинативна говорогородка]]. Голосной соголос-от имут [[тюркски говоры]] и [[монгольски говоры]], некоторы тунгусски говоры, ан имал во ешшо и [[досельнояпонской говор]].
  
−
There have been  some attempts to extend the Altaic family borders by including [[Ainu language|Ainu]] (e.g., Street 1962, Patrie 1982), [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]], or [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], but these proposals have been rejected by the majority of scholars. A proposed grouping that includes Japanese and Korean and possibly Ainu is sometimes called "Macro-Altaic", with "Micro-Altaic" occasionally used to specifically refer to the association of only the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages. Possible genetic connections of Altaic or Macro-Altaic with some other Eurasian languages (especially Indo-European and Uralic) have been explored in connection with the [[Eurasiatic]] macrofamily proposed by [[Joseph Greenberg]] and  with [[Nostratic]].
+
Спокабытеной уряд говорогородных розрядов, рекше тамгьожников склонов и числов, дородно вобчих словов.
  
−
==Controversy==
 
  
−
There are two main schools of thought about the Altaic theory. One is that the proposed constituent language families (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic in the basic theory, with the addition of Korean and Japanese in extended versions) are genetically or "divergently" related by descent from a common ancestor, "Proto-Altaic". The other school rejects this theory (so it is often called the "Anti-Altaic" school) and argues that the member languages are related by convergence (mainly loan influence).
+
[[Category:Алтайски говоры| ]]
−
 
 
−
The Altaic theory is claimed by its opponents to be based mainly on typological similarities, such as [[vowel harmony]] and [[agglutinative]] grammars. In fact, its proponents (e.g., Ramstedt, Poppe, [[Sergei Starostin|Starostin]]) have put together a large variety of grammatical, lexical, and syntactic regular correspondences between the sub-groups of Altaic. However, its opponents explain these as [[loanword]]s, mutual influence, or [[convergence]], arguing that, although the Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic families do have similarities, they merely form a [[Sprachbund]] – the result of intensive borrowing and long contact among speakers.
 
−
 
 
−
The Altaic theory is highly controversial. While some support it, others (e.g. Doerfer 1988) do not regard Altaic as a valid group and see it as three (or more) separate language families. Other linguists, such as [[Bernard Comrie]] (1992, 2003), argue that Altaic may be part of a larger grouping, such as [[Nostratic languages|Nostratic]] and/or [[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]]. In contrast, [[J. Marshall Unger]] (1990) believes that languages such as Korean and Japanese may be part of a "macro-Tungusic" family. Vovin rejected the claim for a Koreo-Japonic branch of Altaic on the basis that, according to him, they have no [[comparative method|shared innovation]]s.{{fact}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Reconstructed phonology==
 
−
 
 
−
Based on the proposed correspondences listed below, the following [[phoneme]] inventory has been reconstructed for the [[Protolanguage|Proto]](-Macro)-Altaic language (taken from Blažek's [2006] summary of the newest Altaic etymological dictionary [Starostin et al. 2003] and transcribed into [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):
 
−
 
 
−
===Consonants===
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="2" |
 
−
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
 
−
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar or dental]]
 
−
! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolopalatal]]
 
−
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
 
−
! &nbsp;[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&nbsp;
 
−
! &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Velar consonant|Velar]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Plosives]]
 
−
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
 
−
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[voiceless]]
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/g/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
 
−
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[voiceless]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
 
−
| [[voiceless]]
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/z/}}¹
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trills]]
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}²
 
−
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/}}²
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
¹ This phoneme only occurred at the beginnings of words.
 
−
 
 
−
² These phonemes only occurred in the interior of words.
 
−
 
 
−
===Vowels===
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! rowspan="2" |
 
−
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
 
−
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
| [[Roundedness|unrounded]]
 
−
| colspan="2" | [[Roundedness|rounded]]
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| &nbsp;&nbsp;/y/&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /ø/
 
−
| /o/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
 
−
| /æ/
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
 
−
| colspan="3" | /a/
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
It is not clear whether /æ/, /ø/, /y/ were [[monophthong]]s as shown here (presumably {{IPA|[æ œ~ø ʏ~y]}}) or [[diphthong]]s ({{IPA|[i̯a~i̯ɑ i̯ɔ~i̯o i̯ʊ~i̯u]}}); the evidence is equivocal. In any case, however, they only occurred in the first syllable of any word.
 
−
 
 
−
==Sound correspondences==
 
−
 
 
−
If a Proto(-Macro)-Altaic language really existed, it should be possible to reconstruct regular sound correspondences between that protolanguage and its descendants; such correspondences would make it possible to distinguish [[cognate]]s from [[loanword]]s (in many cases). Such attempts have repeatedly been made. The latest and (so far) most successful version is reproduced here, taken from Blažek's (2006) summary of the newest Altaic etymological dictionary (Starostin et al. 2003) and transcribed into [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].
 
−
 
 
−
When a Proto-Altaic [[phoneme]] developed differently depending on its position in a word (beginning, interior, or end), the special case (or all cases) is marked with a hyphen; for example, Proto-Altaic {{IPA|/pʰ/}} disappears (marked "0") or becomes /j/ at the beginning of a Turkic word and becomes /p/ elsewhere in a Turkic word.
 
−
 
 
−
===Consonants===
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! Proto-Altaic
 
−
! Proto-Turkic
 
−
! Proto-Mongolic
 
−
! Proto-Tungusic
 
−
! Proto-Korean
 
−
! Proto-Japonic
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|0-, /j/-, /p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/h/-}}¹{{IPA|, /j/-, -/b/-, -/h/-}}¹{{IPA|, -/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/-, /d/-}}²{{IPA|, /t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/, /t͡ʃ/}}³{{IPA|, -/d/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, -/k/-, -/g/-<sup>4</sup>, -/g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/x/-, /k/, /x/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/, /h/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/-, /h/-}}¹{{IPA|, /b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/-, /b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/, /t͡ʃ/}}³
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /d͡ʒ/-}}<sup>5</sup>{{IPA|, /t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/, -/r/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/-, /d/-, /t/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/k/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, /k/, /g/}}<sup>6</sup>
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, /g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, /g/-, /g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, -/h/-, -0-, -/k/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/-, -/h/-, -/b/-<sup>7</sup>, -/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/, -/b/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/p/-, /w/, /b/<sup>8</sup>, /p/<sup>9</sup>}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/d/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/-, /d/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/, /d͡ʒ/}}³
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/, -/r/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /t/-, /t/, /j/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/g/-, -/h/-, -/g/-<sup>4</sup>, -/g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/g/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/, -/h/-, -0-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/k/-, /k/, 0<sup>10</sup>}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /d͡ʒ/-}}³{{IPA|, /t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/-, -/d͡ʒ/-, -/s/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t/-, -/s/-}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /j/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/-, /h/-, /s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/-, /t͡ʃ/-<sup>11</sup>, /s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/-, /t͡ʃ/-<sup>11</sup>, /s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/z/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/b/-, -/m/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/-, -/n/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/-, /nʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/-, /j/, /n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /nʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/m/-, /n/, /m/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|0-, /j/-, /ŋ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|0-, /j/-, /g/-<sup>12</sup>, /n/-<sup>13</sup>, /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /h/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /ŋ/, 0}}
 
−
| {{IPA|0-, /n/-, /m/-<sup>5</sup>, /m/, /n/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/, /t/<sup>14</sup>}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/r/, /t/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/-, /l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /l/-, /l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /r/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/-, /lʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/d/-, /d͡ʒ/-}}³{{IPA|, /l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/l/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /r/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/n/-, /s/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! {{IPA|/j/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/, /h/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/, 0}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/j/, 0}}
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
* ¹ The [[Monguor language]] has /f/ here instead (Kaiser & Shevoroshkin 1988); it is therefore possible that Proto-Mongolian also had /f/ which then became /h/ (and then usually disappeared) in all descendants except Monguor. Tabgač and [[Khitan language|Kitan]], two extinct Mongolic languages not considered by Starostin et al. (2003), even preserve /p/ in these places (Blažek 2006).
 
−
* ² This happened when the next consonant in the word was {{IPA|/lʲ/}}, {{IPA|/rʲ/}}, or {{IPA|/r/}}.
 
−
* ³ In front of /i/.
 
−
* <sup>4</sup> When the next consonant in the word was /h/.
 
−
* <sup>5</sup> When followed by /æ/, /ø/, /y/.
 
−
* <sup>6</sup> When the next consonant in the word was /r/.
 
−
* <sup>7</sup> When the preceding consonant was {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/rʲ/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, or {{IPA|/lʲ/}}, or when the next consonant was /g/.
 
−
* <sup>8</sup> When the following vowel was /a/, /ə/, or followed by /j/.
 
−
* <sup>9</sup> When followed by /i/ and then another vowel, or by /j/.
 
−
* <sup>10</sup> When preceded by a vowel preceded by /i/.
 
−
* <sup>11</sup> When followed by /a/.
 
−
* <sup>12</sup> When followed by /u/.
 
−
* <sup>13</sup> When followed by /a/, /o/, or /e/.
 
−
* <sup>14</sup> When followed by /i/ or /u/.
 
−
 
 
−
===Vowels===
 
−
 
 
−
[[Vowel harmony]] is pervasive in Altaic languages: most Turkic and Mongolic as well as some Tungusic languages have it, Korean is arguably in the process of losing its traces, and it is reconstructed for Old Japanese. (Vowel harmony is also typical of the neighboring [[Uralic languages]] and was often counted among the arguments for the [[Ural-Altaic languages|Ural-Altaic hypotheses]].) Nevertheless, Starostin et al. (2003) reconstruct Proto-Altaic as lacking vowel harmony. Instead, according to them, vowel harmony originated in each daughter branch as assimilation of the vowel in the first syllable to the vowel in the last syllable (which was usually lost later), a phenomenon remarkably similar to [[Germanic umlaut]]. The table below is taken from Blažek (2006):
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="2" | Proto-Altaic
 
−
! Proto-Turkic
 
−
! Proto-Mongolic
 
−
! Proto-Tungusic
 
−
! Middle Korean
 
−
! Proto-Japonic
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! first s.
 
−
! last s.
 
−
! colspan="5" | first syllable
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /a/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /a/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /a/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /a/, /i/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /a/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /e/, /a/
 
−
| /a/, /e/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /a/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /o/, /ja/, /aj/
 
−
| /a/, /i/, /e/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /o/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /a/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /e/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /a/, /e/
 
−
| /a/, /e/
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /e/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /e/, /ja/
 
−
| /e/, /ja/
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /i/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /e/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /e/, /ja/
 
−
| /e/, /i/
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /i/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /e/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /a/, /e/
 
−
| /a/, /e/, /y/², /ø/²
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /ə/, /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /e/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /e/, /a/
 
−
| /e/, /a/, /o/²
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /a/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /i/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /i/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /e/, /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /i/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/, /e/¹
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /i/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /i/, /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /i/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /o/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /o/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /o/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /ø/, /o/
 
−
| /ø/, /y/, /o/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /o/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /ø/, /o/
 
−
| /ø/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /o/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /o/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /o/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /o/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /u/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /u/, /o/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /u/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /y/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /y/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /ua/, /a/¹
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /u/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /y/, /u/
 
−
| /y/, /ø/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /u/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /u/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /æ/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/, /e/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /ia/, /i/³
 
−
| /a/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /æ/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/
 
−
| /i/, /a/, /e/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/, /ə/, /jə/
 
−
| /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /æ/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/, /e/
 
−
| /i/, /e/
 
−
| /ia/, /i/³
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /jə/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /æ/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/, /a/¹
 
−
| /e/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /æ/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /e/, /a/
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /ə/, /jə/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /ø/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/, /a/¹
 
−
| /a/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /a/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /ø/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /e/, /a/
 
−
| /e/, /ø/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /jə/
 
−
| /ə/, /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /ø/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /ia/, /ja/, /a/¹
 
−
| /i/, /e/, /ø/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /a/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /ø/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /ø/, /y/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
| /i/, /ə/, /jə/
 
−
| /ə/, /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /ø/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| /u/, /o/
 
−
| /e/, /i/, /u/
 
−
| /ia/, /i/³
 
−
| /a/, /u/, /jə/
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /y/
 
−
! /a/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /i/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/
 
−
| /a/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /y/
 
−
! /e/
 
−
| /y/, /ø/, /i/<sup>4</sup>
 
−
| /ø/, /y/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /y/, /u/¹
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /ja/, /jə/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/, /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /y/
 
−
! /i/
 
−
| /y/, /ø/
 
−
| /ø/, /y/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /i/, /u/¹
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, /i/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /i/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /y/
 
−
! /o/
 
−
| /u/, /o/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /y/
 
−
| /a/, /ə/, /ja/, /jə/, /o/, /u/
 
−
| /u/, /ə/
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! /y/
 
−
! /u/
 
−
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /i/, /o/, /u/, /y/, /ø/
 
−
| /o/, /u/
 
−
| /o/, /u/, /i/, {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
 
−
| /u/
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
* ¹ When preceded by a bilabial consonant.
 
−
* ² When preceded or followed by a bilabial consonant.
 
−
* ³ When preceded by a fricative ({{IPA|/s/, /ʃ/, /x/}}).
 
−
* <sup>4</sup> When followed by a trill, /l/, or {{IPA|/lʲ/}}.
 
−
 
 
−
==Morphological correspondences==
 
−
 
 
−
Because grammar is less easily borrowed than words, grammar is usually considered stronger evidence for language relationships than vocabulary. Starostin et al. (2003) have reconstructed the following correspondences between the case and number [[suffix]]es (or [[clitic]]s) of the (Macro-)Altaic languages (taken from Blažek, 2006):
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="6" | Case
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! Proto-Altaic
 
−
! Proto-Turkic (*), Old Turkic
 
−
! Proto-Mongolic (*), Classical Mongolian
 
−
! Proto-Tungusic
 
−
! Proto-Korean (*), Middle Korean
 
−
! Proto-Japonic (*), Old Japanese
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Nominative case|nominative]]: 0
 
−
| 0
 
−
| 0
 
−
| 0
 
−
| 0
 
−
| 0
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Accusative case|accusative]]: {{IPA|/be/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ba/, /be/
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/wo/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Partitive case|partitive]]: {{IPA|/ga/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ʁ/, -/ɯʁ/, -/g/, -/ig/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/ʁ/}} (accusative)
 
−
| {{IPA|/ga/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ga/}} (possessive)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Genitive case|genitive]]: {{IPA|-/nʲV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ŋ/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ŋi/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/nʲ/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/no/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Dative case|dative]]-[[Locative case|locative]]: {{IPA|/du/, /da/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ta/, -/da/, -/te/, -/de/}} (locative-ablative)
 
−
| {{IPA|-/da/ (dative-locative), -/du/ ([[Attributive case|attributive]])
 
−
| {{IPA|/du/ (dative), -/daː/- (locative)}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|-/tu/}} (attributive-locative)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! dative-[[Instrumental case|instrumental]]: {{IPA|-/nV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/n/, -/ɯn/, -/in/}} (instrumental)
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ni/}} (dative-locative)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! dative-[[Directive case|directive]]: {{IPA|-/kʰV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/qa/, -/ke/}} (dative)
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/kiː/}} (directive)
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Comitative case|comitative]]-locative: {{IPA|-/lV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/li/, -/lɯʁ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/laː/ (locative), -/liː/ ([[Prolative case|prolative]]), -/luʁa/ (comitative)}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ro/}} (instrumental-[[Lative case|lative]])
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! comitative-[[Equative case|equative]]: {{IPA|-/t͡ʃʰa/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/t͡ʃa/, -/t͡ʃe/}} (equative)
 
−
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃa/}} (ablative), {{IPA|/t͡ʃa/, /t͡ʃaʁa/}} (terminative)
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/to/}} (comitative)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Allative case|allative]]: {{IPA|-/gV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ʁaru/, -/gery/}} (directive)
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/ʁa/, -/a/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/giː/}} (allative)
 
−
| {{IPA|-/əi/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! directive: {{IPA|-/rV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ʁaru/, -/gery/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ru/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ro/}} (lative)
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! instrumental-ablative: {{IPA|-/d͡ʒV/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|?-/ja/, -/a/}} terminal dative
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒi/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ju/}} (ablative)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[Singulative case|singulative]]: {{IPA|-/nV/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/n/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/n/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! colspan="6" | Number
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! [[dual]]: {{IPA|-/rʲV/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/rʲ/}} (plural for paired objects)
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|-/r/}} (plural)
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/rə/}} (plural for paired objects)
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! plural: {{IPA|-/tʰ/-}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/t/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/d/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ta/, -/te/, -/tan/, -/ten/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/tɯr/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/tati/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! plural: {{IPA|-/s/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/s/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/sal/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! plural: {{IPA|-/l/-}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/lar/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/nar/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/l/, -/sal/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|-/ra/}}
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
/V/ symbolizes an uncertain vowel. Suffixes reconstructed for Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Korean, or Proto-Japonic, but not attested in Old Turkic, Classical Mongolian, Middle Korean, or Old Japanese are marked with asterisks.
 
−
 
 
−
== Selected cognates ==
 
−
 
 
−
[[Personal pronoun]]s are thought by many to be seldom borrowed between languages. Therefore the many correspondences between Altaic pronouns found by Starostin et al. (2003) could be rather strong evidence for the existence of Proto-Altaic. The table below is taken (with slight modifications) from Blažek (2006) and transcribed into IPA.
 
−
 
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
!
 
−
! Proto-Altaic
 
−
! Proto-Turkic
 
−
! Proto-Mongolic (*), Classical Mongolian
 
−
! Proto-Tungusic
 
−
! Proto-Korean (*), Middle Korean
 
−
! Proto-Japonic
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "I" (nominative)
 
−
! {{IPA|/bi/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/be/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|/bi/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/bi/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/ba/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "me" ([[oblique case]]s)
 
−
! {{IPA|/mine/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/men/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|/min/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/min/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "I"
 
−
! {{IPA|/ŋa/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|/nad/-, -/m/-}} (oblique)
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/na/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/a/-}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "[[thou]]" (nominative)
 
−
! {{IPA|/si/ and/or /tʰi/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/se/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|/t͡ʃi/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/si/}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/si/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "[[Thou|thee]]" (oblique cases)
 
−
! {{IPA|/sin/- and/or /tʰin/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/sen/}}
 
−
| ?*{{IPA|/t͡ʃin/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "thou"
 
−
! {{IPA|/na/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|-/ŋ/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|/nə/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/na/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "we" (nominative)
 
−
! {{IPA|/ba/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/birʲ/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|/ba/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/bue/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/uri/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/ba/}}
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "us" (oblique cases)
 
−
! {{IPA|/myn/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
| *{{IPA|/man/-}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/myn/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "ye" (nominative)
 
−
! {{IPA|/sV/ and/or /tʰV/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/s/}}
 
−
| *{{IPA|/ta/}}
 
−
| {{IPA|/suː/}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|- align="center"
 
−
! "you" (oblique)
 
−
! {{IPA|/sVn/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|/sun/-}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
As above, forms not attested in Classical Mongolian or Middle Korean but reconstructed for their ancestors are marked with an asterisk, and /V/ represents an uncertain vowel.
 
−
 
 
−
The following table is a brief selection of further proposed {{fact}} [[cognate]]s in basic vocabulary across the Altaic family. ''It is older than Starostin et al. (2003) and does not follow its phonology reconstruction. The Turkish words are given in Turkish orthography, one of the common transcriptions is used for Japanese, and Mongolian, Evenki and Korean (presumably Middle Korean) are given in ad hoc transcriptions, as is Proto-Altaic. The reconstruction of Old Japanese pronunciation does not seem up-to-date.''
 
−
 
 
−
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3"
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]]
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Proto-Altaic (?)
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Evenki language|Evenki]]
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Korean language|Korean]]
 
−
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''three'''
 
−
| '''*göl-'''
 
−
| üç
 
−
| gurav
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| kokono- '9' (ie: '3 times 3')
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''four'''
 
−
| '''*dör<sub>1</sub>-'''
 
−
| dört
 
−
| döröv
 
−
| dygin
 
−
|
 
−
| yo-
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''ten'''
 
−
| '''*tuwon-'''
 
−
| on
 
−
| arav
 
−
| {{IPA|ʒ}}uwan
 
−
| yol
 
−
| tō- (töwö Old Japanese)
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''I'''
 
−
| '''*men'''
 
−
| ben
 
−
| bi
 
−
|
 
−
| na
 
−
| wa (Old Japanese)
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''you'''
 
−
| '''*sen'''
 
−
| sen
 
−
| chini (your, yours)
 
−
|
 
−
| dangsin
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''we'''
 
−
| '''*bir<sub>2</sub>'''
 
−
| biz
 
−
| bide
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''heart / chest'''
 
−
| '''*kökür<sub>2</sub>'''
 
−
| göğüs ('breast')
 
−
| kökün (Lit.Mongolian)
 
−
|
 
−
| kogäŋi
 
−
| kokoro
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''arm'''
 
−
| '''*gara'''
 
−
| kol
 
−
| gar
 
−
|
 
−
| pal
 
−
| kata
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''rind'''
 
−
| '''*kapa'''
 
−
| kabuk
 
−
| χudas
 
−
| χabdata
 
−
| kaphar/keopjil
 
−
| kawa
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''knee / heel'''
 
−
| '''*topu'''
 
−
| topuk
 
−
| uvdug
 
−
| tobga
 
−
|
 
−
| tumpu
 
−
|-
 
−
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''belly'''
 
−
| '''*kurgo'''
 
−
| kursak
 
−
| χurχag
 
−
| χuike
 
−
| kurgi
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
== Literature ==
 
−
 
 
−
*Blažek, V.: [http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-004.pdf "Current Progress in Altaic Etymology"], ''Linguistica Online'' 30 January 2006 (pdf)
 
−
*Doerfer, G.: ''Grundwort und Sprachmischung: Eine Untersuchung an Hand von Körperteilbezeichnungen (Münchener Ostasiatische Studien 47)'', Franz-Steiner-Verlag, 1988
 
−
*Miller, R.A.: ''Languages and history. Japanese, Korean and Altaic'', Inst. for Comparative Research in Human C, 1996, [ISBN 974-8299-69-4].
 
−
*Georg, S., Michalove, P.A., Manaster Ramer, A., Sidwell, P.J.: "Telling general linguists about Altaic", ''Journal of Linguistics'' 35 (1999): 65-98 [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=17033 Online abstract and link to free pdf]
 
−
*Kortlandt, F.: [http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art125e.pdf "The origin of the Japanese and Korean accent systems"], ''Acta Linguistica Hafniensia'' 26 (1993): 57–65 (pdf)
 
−
*[[Merritt Ruhlen|Ruhlen, M.]]: ''A Guide to the World's Languages'', Stanford University Press (1987).
 
−
*Starostin, S.A., Dybo, A., Mudrak, O.: ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages'', Brill Academic Publishers, June 2003, [ISBN 90-04-13153-1].
 
−
*LINGUIST Mailing List, 18 Aug 1994, Reinhard F. Hahn
 
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Language families and languages]]
 
−
* [[Altay language]] (a Turkic language)
 
−
* [[Nostratic languages]]
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\alt\altet Starling Databases: ''Altaic etymology'' section]
 
−
* [http://altaica.narod.ru/Engl.htm/ Monumenta Altaica - Altaic Linguistics]
 
−
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570647_5/Language.html Language] article from [[Encarta]]
 
−
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009 Ethnologue]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Altai]]
 
−
[[Category:Altaic languages| ]]
 
  
 
[[ar:ألطية]]
 
[[ar:ألطية]]

Revision as of 13:22, 15 Сечня 2007

Алтайски
Земеписанной
урын: 		Восходна Европа, Серьодня Азия, Полношна Азия и Восходня Азия
Заветна
четовка: 		Бусово соспаривают с дружными говорами в ностратически говоры
Постати:
Корейской (бусово включатса)
Японской (режово влючатса)
Айну (годом влючатса)
Altaic family.png

Урын алтайских говоров в Евразие

Алтайски говоры говорна семьина, в каку вхоют 66 говоров, которыми лекочут коло 348 мильонов людьов, большечассю в Серьодней Азие и коло йо. Некоторы ведовники шшытают, чо промеж етими говорами нету заветново водинення, а токо досельной говорной яклан.

Вобчи какоси алтайских говоров: соголос голосных, агглитинативна говорогородка. Голосной соголос-от имут тюркски говоры и монгольски говоры, некоторы тунгусски говоры, ан имал во ешшо и досельнояпонской говор.

Спокабытеной уряд говорогородных розрядов, рекше тамгьожников склонов и числов, дородно вобчих словов.

ar:ألطية ast:Familia altaica az:Altay dil ailəsi be:Алтайскія мовы br:Yezhoù altaek bg:Алтайски езици cs:Altajské jazyky de:Altaisprachen es:Lenguas altaicas en:Altaic languages fa:زبان‌های آلتایی fr:Langues altaïques ko:알타이어족 io:Altaika linguaro id:Bahasa Altai lt:Altajaus kalbos hu:Altáji nyelvcsalád nl:Altaïsche talen ja:アルタイ諸語 pl:Języki ałtajskie pt:Línguas altaicas ro:Limbi altaice sl:Altajski jeziki fi:Altailaiset kielet sv:Altaiska språk vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Altai tr:Altay dil ailesi uk:Алтайські мови zh:阿尔泰语系

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